History of Engineering

History of engineering:

The term engineering is derived from the word ingenium it is a Latin word which means clever or in other word is genius and the word engineer is derived from the Medieval Latin verb ingeniare it means to design, hence in simple definition of engineering is the creative application of science.

Engineering has exist since ancient times when humans invent like wheel, pulley, sailing etc. The discipline of engineering maintain a broad range of more specialized field of engineering.

History of civil engineering:

The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep. The construction of Pyramid of Djsore at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630 BC, the great Wall of China Mesopotamia, Indus Valley Civilizations and developed many things like machines in two field military and civilians domains. The military architecture that is Citadel of Lille was built from 1667 to 1670 by Vauban the foremost military engineer of his age.The design of civilian structures, such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline term civil engineering and major projects involved in the discipline of military engineering.

John Smeaton (1724-1792) was an English civil engineer responsible for design of bridge, canals the Eddy stone lighthouses and he was the first self proclaimed civil engineer and is often regarded as the '' father of civil engineer''
First engineering school ''The national school of bridges and highway'' was opened in 1747.
In 1818, world's first society, the institution of civil engineers was founded in London.

The first private college to teach civil engineering in the United states was Norwich university in 1819 by Captain Alden Partridge.
In 1835 the first degree in civil engineering in the United Sates was awarded by  Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1935.

  History of  mechanical engineering:

Mechanical engineering is the broadest engineering disciplines concerned with the design, manufacturing installation, accordance with the principles of mechanics.

In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287-212 BC ) influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria describe the first steam engine (10-70 AD, in 1st-century Roman Egypt). In China, Zhang Heng  (78-139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a  Seismometer, and Ma Jun (200-265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears.
The mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples the beginning of mechanical engineering.

Gradually several steam-powered devices were later experimented such as Taqi al-Din's steam jack, a steam turbine in 16th-century Ottoman Egypt and Thomas Savery's steam pump in 17th century in England.
 The first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery.

During the 17th century foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's laws of Motion and developed Calculus, mathematical basis of physics.
The invention of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt gave rise to modern mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and number of instruments which used as machine tools during the industrial revolution which accelerate the growth of mechanical engineering. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering.

The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical engineering, after thirty years the civil engineers formed such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers.

In 1848 Johann Von Zimmermann (1820-1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( A S M E ) was formed in 1880 becoming the third such professional engineering society.